Definition
Anemia is characterized by a reduction in either the hematocrit (red blood cell [RBC] volume <42% in men and <36% in women) or the concentration of hemoglobin (<14 g/dL in men and <12 g/dL in women). The prevalence of anemia is highest among menstruating women (5.8%), infants (5.7%), and the elderly (12%). Anemias can be distinguished morphologically based on the size of the RBCs or the mean corpuscular volume.
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Microcytic anemias are characterized by small RBCs (mean corpuscular volume <80 fL) and include iron-deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, thalassemias, and sideroblastic anemias.
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Macrocytic anemias are characterized by large RBCs (mean corpuscular volume >98 fL) and include megaloblastic anemias (e.g., from vitamin B12 [pernicious anemia] and folic acid deficiencies), myelodysplastic anemias (e.g., from cancer chemotherapy), and liver disease (e.g., alcoholism).
- Normocytic anemias are characterized by RBCs within the normal size range (mean corpuscular volume, 80 to 98 fL) and include anemias of acute blood loss, acquired and inherited hemolytic anemias (e.g., sickle-cell anemia), mixed micro-macrocytic anemias, and anemias related to renal failure and bone marrow disease. (more..)
Definition
Anaphylaxis, meaning “without protection,” is a systemic, potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction. It occurs abruptly and variably, as a result of an IgE-mediated release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils in previously sensitized individuals. The severe allergic response is a medical emergency and is estimated to be responsible for more than 500 deaths annually. Anaphylactoid reactions (sometimes called pseudoanaphylaxis) present clinically like anaphylaxis, but their mechanism is not IgE-mediated. Also, unlike a hypersensitivity reaction, they tend to occur following initial exposure to an offending agent by direct toxic effect to cell mediators or indirect activation of the complement cascade. (more..)
Definition
Amyloidosis describes a heterogeneous group of diseases, all characterized by the extracellular deposition of fibrillar, proteinaceous material in organs and tissues, either locally or systemically. The following four major classes of systemic amyloidosis are differentiated by the nature of the precursor plasma proteins that form the fibril deposits:
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Immunoglobulin light chain or “primary” amyloidosis (AL) (associated with monoclonal plasma cell dyscrasias; the most common form of systemic amyloidosis; also known as primary idiopathic amyloidosis)
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Reactive or secondary amyloidosis (AA) (associated with chronic inflammatory disease)
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Hereditary amyloidosis (an autosomal dominant group of diseases, each associated with gene mutations producing different proteins)
- Beta2-microglobulin amyloidosis (associated with long-term dialysis for chronic renal failure)
Localized amyloid deposits are restricted to specific tissues in certain diseases. These include:
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Polypeptide hormone-derived amyloidosis (seen in over 90% of type II diabetes mellitus patients; also seen in the case of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and other endocrine tumors; approximately 80% of adults over age 80 have this type of deposition in the sarcolemma)
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Amyloidosis associated with Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome as well as hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (all caused by a beta-amyloid protein, betaAP)
- Diseases caused by scrapie-associated prion proteins (Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, kuru, and Gerstmann–Straussler syndrome)
Isolated deposits may be seen in any organ or tissue site. (more..)
Definition
Amenorrhea is the absence of menses. Primary amenorrhea is defined as the failure of menses to begin once a woman reaches 16 years of age, whether or not other pubertal changes such as breast development/pubic or axillary hair are present. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses for the length of time equal to three consecutive normal menstrual cycles in a woman who has previously experienced cyclical menses. Interference with hypothalamic/pituitary functioning plays a major role in the disorder, and the resultant “hypoestrogenemic amenorrhea” may play a role in the development of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and infertility. Amenorrhea may be present with other conditions or abnormalities, including hirsutism, obesity, and galactorrhea. Incidence of primary amenorrhea in U.S. is 2.5% of female population. (more..)
Definition
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, affecting at least three to four million people in the United States. AD is defined as memory loss with at least one other area of cognitive impairment (e.g., language, attention, orientation, self-monitoring, judgment, motor skill, inability to perform daily activities). Memory loss typically begins at about age 65 and slowly progresses to severe impairment over 8 to 10 years, but it may present sooner and advance at a different rate. Language deficits are prominent, including word finding (especially nouns), comprehension, repetition, and fluency. Social graces, which may remain surprisingly intact for years, eventually deteriorate to a loss of inhibition with periods of aggression or withdrawal. Personality and behavioral changes as well as problems in judgment occur with increasing severity. Death usually occurs from malnutrition, heart disease, or infection. Clinical diagnosis cannot be definitively confirmed without autopsy. (more..)
Definition
Alopecia is the absence or thinning of hair in an area of the body where hair formerly grew. It may be caused by physical damage to the hair itself or to the hair follicles, but is most often the result of changes in the natural hair growth cycle.
The average scalp has about 100,000 hairs. Most of these hairs are in the anagen, or growing, phase, which may last as long as five years. In the catagen, or transitional, phase, the hair stops growing and the follicle begins to shrink. The hair then falls out and the follicle lies dormant in the telogen, or resting, phase until a new anagen phase begins. About 10% of the hair follicles on the normal scalp are in the transitional or resting phases, and about 100 hairs are lost every day. In some types of alopecia, the growth cycle is disrupted by some temporary situation such as a chemical imbalance or stress; often the problem may be resolved when the precipitating condition is alleviated. However, 95% of cases of hair loss in both men (male pattern baldness) and women (female diffuse baldness) are genetic in origin. This is called androgenetic alopecia. (more..)
Definition
Allergic rhinitis (hay fever) is a reaction to airborne allergens. It affects between 1:6 and 1:10 Americans and is an IgE-mediated disorder of the immune system; 70% of cases occur before age 30. Symptoms resemble those of viral rhinitis but persist and show seasonal variation. This most common form of allergy involves the entire respiratory system—nasal cavity, mouth, throat, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. There is an inherited tendency, with a child having a 50% chance of developing such allergy if one parent is allergic and a 75% chance if both parents are allergic. (more..)
Definition
Alcoholism has both medical and psychosocial factors. Ethanol, or primary alcohol, is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant, which decreases neuronal activity. Alcoholism, legally defined, is a concentration of at least 80 to 100 mg/dL. However, one to two drinks (i.e., 20 to 30 mg/dL) can cause psychomotor and cognitive change. Death occurs at concentrations of 300 to 400 mg/dL. The fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) separates substance disorders into two categories: substance use disorders (dependence, abuse) and substance-induced disorders (substance-induced intoxication, withdrawal, psychotic, or mood disorders), and defines alcoholism as lack of functioning such that “the individual continues substance use despite significant substance-related problems.”
Ninety percent of people drink alcohol at some time in their life. Alcoholism affects 10% to 20% of men and 3% to 10% of women. Approximately 40% to 50% of men have temporary alcohol-induced problems, with 30% to 40% experiencing blackouts between their teens and late 20s. Alcoholism contributes to over 50% of car and industrial fatalities, drownings, and child or domestic abuse. (more..)
Acne is a disorder of the skin’s oil glands (sebaceous glands), resulting in plugged pores and outbreaks of lesions (pimples). Acne occurs on the face, neck, back, chest, and shoulders. Nearly 17 million people in the United States, mostly adolescents, have acne, making it the most common skin condition. Although acne is not a serious health threat, severe acne can lead to permanent scarring.
Signs and Symptoms
Acne is accompanied by the following signs and symptoms.
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Lesions (pimples)
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Blackheads
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Whiteheads
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Cysts (pus-filled)
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Nodules (deep, solid)
- Scarring (more..)
1. Laki laki 30 th jari kakinya menghitam dan nyeri, dia merokok sejak berumur 16 th, 24 batang/hr. dilakukan amputasi, didapatkan mikro abses dalam lumen arteri dg sebukan netrofil. Diagnosis? (tromboangitis obliterans/buerger’s disease)
2. Px umur 7th lumpuh kedua extremitas, 2hr yg lalu flu. Sore ini , patologis -/-.?/?pemeriksaan ke4 ext lumpuh. Refleks fisiologis Dimana sebaiknya pasien kontrol
a. berobat jalan
b. di praktek pribadi
c. puskesmas pembantu
d. RS tipe D
e. RS dg fasilitas ICU
3. Terapi pada px luka bakar+sesak nafas. Apa langkah pertama penanganannya? (ABC)
4. Penyakit menular sexual dengan efflouresensi: tepi keras, meninggi, tidak nyeri…dx? (ulkus durum)
5. Ditemukan jenasah bayi baru lahir ditempat sampah lengkap dengan plasenta. Ditemukan luka memar pada bibir dan leher . BB normal, TB normal. Plasenta tidak terawatt. Pemeriksaan apa yang dilakukan utk menunjang otopsi?
a. tes apung paru
b. tes getah paru Baca Selengkapnya
